A WIP-challenged Industry --Dickeson

In the '60s we were still listening to Spencer Tucker and his complex schemes for Budgeted Hourly Rates centered on "Chargeable Hours" of labor in "cost centers." By 1976 we'd begun to waver when Wally Stettinius cautioned us that "...Any manager using an hour rate in his decision-making deliberations must look behind the stated value." ("Management Planning and Control," page 313.) In the '80s we heard about Chaos Theory, TOC (Theory of Constraints), JIT (Just in Time), WOW (War on Waste) and SQM (Statistical Quality Management). The realization began to dawn that hourly budgeted rates of production centers were misleading us.